FolkWorld #68 03/2019
Bagpipes Galore
Armagh, Northern Ireland
14 - 17 November 2019
Since 1966, the Armagh Pipers Club is promoting interest in traditional Irish music in general and the uilleann pipes in particular. In 1994,
the first William Kennedy Piping Festival was held, named after the blind craftsman from Tandragee who greatly improved the uilleann pipes. Originally intended to be a one-off celebration, it was soon decided to make it an annual celebration. Since then the festival's reputation has grown beyond expectations and pipers and groups from piping traditions from all over the world were invited to Armagh. In 1994, the guest speaker was Nicolas Carolan of the Irish Traditional Music Archive. The Archive had just begun field research, so it was suggested to return and record things the following year. He came back year after year.
Live Recordings from the William Kennedy Piping Festival Vol. 2 marks the 25th edition of the festival and the 250th anniversary of William Kennedy's birth at the same time. These 36 live recordings from the past 15 years emphasise selected pipers from the Celtic fringe, the Mediterranean, Central Europe, the Balkans, as well as North America.
Never meant to be comprehensive, we get an idea at least what has happened in the piping world between 2003 and 2017. [wt]
Ft. Seán McKeon (Ireland),
Andy May (Northumberland),
John McSherry (Ireland),
Angus MacKenzie (Cape Breton),
Mick O’Brien (Ireland),
Anna Murray (Scotland),
Loïc & Ronan Bléjean (Brittany),
Seán Potts (Ireland),
Georgi Makris (Greece),
The Goodman Trio (Ireland),
Allan MacDonald (Scotland),
Robbie Hannan (Ireland),
Griff Trio (Belgium),
Síle Friel (Scotland),
Luigi Lai (Sardinia),
David Power (Ireland),
Duo Lagrange Rutkowski (France),
Paddy Keenan (Ireland),
Pádraig McGovern (Ireland),
Finlay MacDonald (Scotland),
Tiarnán Ó Duinnchinn (Ireland),
Edelmiro Fernández (Galicia),
Ivan Georgiev (Bulgaria),
Nuallan (Cape Breton),
Patrick Molard (Brittany),
Jarlath Henderson & Ross Ainslie (Ireland/Scotland),
Mikie Smyth (Ireland),
Dr. Angus MacDonald (Scotland),
Cillian Vallely (Ireland),
José Manuel Tejedor (Asturias),
Brian McNamara (Ireland),
Olle Gällmo (Sweden),
Louise Mulcahy (Ireland),
Balázs Istvánfi (Hungary),
Eliot Grasso (USA),
The Anxo Lorenzo Band (Galicia).
Various Artists "Live Recordings from the William Kennedy Piping Festival Vol. 2", 2018
Live Recordings from the William Kennedy Piping Festival Volume 2.
Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag. The Scottish Great Highland bagpipes are the best known in the Anglophone world; however, bagpipes have been played for a millennium or more throughout large parts of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia, including Turkey, the Caucasus, and around the Persian Gulf. The term bagpipe is equally correct in the singular or plural, though pipers usually refer to the bagpipes as "the pipes", "a set of pipes" or "a stand of pipes".
Construction
Listen to King of the Pipers from:
The Bonny Men, The Border Collies,
Céide, The Chieftains, Stevie Dunne,
Ennis Ceílí Band, Dylan Foley, Edel Fox, The Friel
Sisters, Ben Lennon & Tony O'Connell , Sean
Magee, Tony McManus, Molly's Revenge, Dónal
Murphy, Dave Sheridan, Téada
A set of bagpipes minimally consists of an air supply, a bag, a chanter, and usually at least one drone. Many bagpipes have more than one drone (and, sometimes, more than one chanter) in various combinations, held in place in stocks—sockets that fasten the various pipes to the bag.
Air supply
The most common method of supplying air to the bag is through blowing into a blowpipe or blowstick. In some pipes the player must cover the tip of the blowpipe with their tongue while inhaling, but most blowpipes have a non-return valve that eliminates this need. In recent times, there are many instruments that assist in creating a clean air flow to the pipes and assist the collection of condensation.
An innovation, dating from the 16th or 17th century, is the use of a bellows to supply air. In these pipes, sometimes called "cauld wind pipes", air is not heated or moistened by the player's breathing, so bellows-driven bagpipes can use more refined or delicate reeds. Such pipes include the Irish uilleann pipes; the Scottish border or Lowland pipes; Northumbrian smallpipes, pastoral pipes and English Border pipes in Britain; and the musette de cour, the musette bechonnet and the cabrette in France, the Dudy wielkopolskie, koziol bialy and koziol czarny in Poland.
Bag
The bag is an airtight reservoir that holds air and regulates its flow via arm pressure, allowing the player to maintain continuous even sound. The player keeps the bag inflated by blowing air into it through a blowpipe or pumping air into it with a bellows. Materials used for bags vary widely, but the most common are the skins of local animals such as goats, dogs, sheep, and cows. More recently, bags made of synthetic materials including Gore-Tex have become much more common. A drawback of the synthetic bag is the potential for fungal spores to colonise the bag because of a reduction in necessary cleaning, with the associated danger of lung infection. An advantage of a synthetic bag is that it has a zip which allows the user to fit a more effective moisture trap to the inside of the bag.
Bags cut from larger materials are usually saddle-stitched with an extra strip folded over the seam and stitched (for skin bags) or glued (for synthetic bags) to reduce leaks. Holes are then cut to accommodate the stocks. In the case of bags made from largely intact animal skins, the stocks are typically tied into the points where the limbs and the head joined the body of the whole animal, a construction technique common in Central Europe.
Chanter
The chanter is the melody pipe, played with two hands. Almost all bagpipes have at least one chanter; some pipes have two chanters, particularly those in North Africa, in the Balkans, and in Southwest Asia. A chanter can be bored internally so that the inside walls are parallel (or "cylindrical") for its full length, or it can be bored in a conical shape.
The chanter is usually open-ended, so there is no easy way for the player to stop the pipe from sounding. Thus most bagpipes share a constant, legato sound where there are no rests in the music. Primarily because of this inability to stop playing, technical movements are used to break up notes and to create the illusion of articulation and accents. Because of their importance, these embellishments (or "ornaments") are often highly technical systems specific to each bagpipe, and take many years of study to master. A few bagpipes (such as the musette de cour, the uilleann pipes, the Northumbrian smallpipes, the piva and the left chanter of the surdelina) have closed ends or stop the end on the player's leg, so that when the player "closes" (covers all the holes) the chanter becomes silent.
A practice chanter is a chanter without bag or drones, allowing a player to practice the instrument quietly and with no variables other than playing the chanter.
The term chanter is derived from the Latin cantare, or "to sing", much like the modern French word chanteur.
Chanter reed
The note from the chanter is produced by a reed installed at its top. The reed may be a single (a reed with one vibrating tongue) or double reed (of two pieces that vibrate against each other). Double reeds are used with both conical- and parallel-bored chanters while single reeds are generally (although not exclusively) limited to parallel-bored chanters. In general, double-reed chanters are found in pipes of Western Europe while single-reed chanters appear in most other regions.
Drone
Most bagpipes have at least one drone: a pipe which is generally not fingered but rather produces a constant harmonizing note throughout play (usually the tonic note of the chanter). Exceptions are generally those pipes which have a double-chanter instead. A drone is most commonly a cylindrically-bored tube with a single reed, although drones with double reeds exist. The drone is generally designed in two or more parts with a sliding joint so that the pitch of the drone can be adjusted.
Depending on the type of pipes, the drones may lie over the shoulder, across the arm opposite the bag, or may run parallel to the chanter. Some drones have a tuning screw, which effectively alters the length of the drone by opening a hole, allowing the drone to be tuned to two or more distinct pitches. The tuning screw may also shut off the drone altogether. In most types of pipes, where there is one drone it is pitched two octaves below the tonic of the chanter. Additional drones often add the octave below and then a drone consonant with the fifth of the chanter.
History
Ancient origins
The evidence for pre-Roman era bagpipes is still uncertain but several textual and visual clues have been suggested. The Oxford History of Music says that a sculpture of bagpipes has been found on a Hittite slab at Euyuk in the Middle East, dated to 1000 BC. Several authors identify the ancient Greek askaulos (ἀσκός askos – wine-skin, αὐλός aulos – reed pipe) with the bagpipe. In the 2nd century AD, Suetonius described the Roman emperor Nero as a player of the tibia utricularis. Dio Chrysostom wrote in the 1st century of a contemporary sovereign (possibly Nero) who could play a pipe (tibia, Roman reedpipes similar to Greek and Etruscan instruments) with his mouth as well as by tucking a bladder beneath his armpit.
Spread and development in Europe
In the early part of the second millennium, definite clear attestations of bagpipes began to appear with frequency in Western European art and iconography. The Cantigas de Santa Maria, written in Galician-Portuguese and compiled in Castile in the mid-13th century, depicts several types of bagpipes. Several illustrations of bagpipes also appear in the Chronique dite de Baudoin d’Avesnes, a 13th-century manuscript of northern French origin. Although evidence of bagpipes in the British Isles prior to the 14th century is contested, they are explicitly mentioned in The Canterbury Tales (written around 1380):
A baggepype wel coude he blowe and sowne, /And ther-with-al he broghte us out of towne.
— Canterbury Tales
Bagpipes were also frequent subjects for carvers of wooden choir stalls in the late 15th and early 16th century throughout Europe, sometimes with animal musicians.
Actual examples of bagpipes from before the 18th century are extremely rare; however, a substantial number of paintings, carvings, engravings, manuscript illuminations, and so on survive. They make it clear that bagpipes varied hugely throughout Europe, and even within individual regions. Many examples of early folk bagpipes in continental Europe can be found in the paintings of Brueghel, Teniers, Jordaens, and Durer.
The first clear reference to the use of the Scottish Highland bagpipes is from a French history, which mentions their use at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547. George Buchanan (1506–82) claimed that they had replaced the trumpet on the battlefield. This period saw the creation of the ceòl mór (great music) of the bagpipe, which reflected its martial origins, with battle-tunes, marches, gatherings, salutes and laments. The Highlands of the early seventeenth century saw the development of piping families including the MacCrimmonds, MacArthurs, MacGregors and the Mackays of Gairloch.
Evidence of the bagpipe in Ireland occurs in 1581, when John Derrick's The Image of Irelande clearly depicts a bagpiper. Derrick's illustrations are considered to be reasonably faithful depictions of the attire and equipment of the English and Irish population of the 16th century. The "Battell" sequence from My Ladye Nevells Booke (1591) by William Byrd, which probably alludes to the Irish wars of 1578, contains a piece entitled The bagpipe: & the drone. In 1760, the first serious study of the Scottish Highland bagpipe and its music was attempted, in Joseph MacDonald's Compleat Theory. Further south, a manuscript from the 1730s by a William Dixon from Northumberland contains music that fits the border pipes, a nine-note bellows-blown bagpipe whose chanter is similar to that of the modern Great Highland bagpipe. However the music in Dixon's manuscript varied greatly from modern Highland bagpipe tunes, consisting mostly of extended variation sets of common dance tunes. Some of the tunes in the Dixon manuscript correspond to tunes found in early 19th century published and manuscript sources of Northumbrian smallpipe tunes, notably the rare book of 50 tunes, many with variations, by John Peacock.
As Western classical music developed, both in terms of musical sophistication and instrumental technology, bagpipes in many regions fell out of favour due to their limited range and function. This triggered a long, slow decline that continued, in most cases, into the 20th century.
Extensive and documented collections of traditional bagpipes can be found in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the International Bagpipe Museum in Gijón, Spain, the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford, England and the Morpeth Chantry Bagpipe Museum in Northumberland, and the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix, Arizona.
The International Bagpipe Festival (Mezinárodní dudácký festival, IBF, MDF) is held every two years in Strakonice, Czech Republic.
Recent history
During the expansion of the British Empire, spearheaded by British military forces that included Highland regiments, the Scottish Great Highland bagpipe became well-known worldwide. This surge in popularity was boosted by large numbers of pipers trained for military service in World War I and World War II. The surge coincided with a decline in the popularity of many traditional forms of bagpipe throughout Europe, which began to be displaced by instruments from the classical tradition and later by gramophone and radio.
In the United Kingdom and Commonwealth Nations such as Canada, New Zealand and Australia the Great Highland bagpipe is commonly used in the military and is often played in formal ceremonies. Foreign militaries patterned after the British Army have also taken the Highland bagpipe into use including Uganda, Sudan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Jordan, and Oman. Many police and fire services in Scotland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and the United States have also adopted the tradition of fielding pipe bands.
In recent years, often driven by revivals of native folk music and dance, many types of bagpipes have enjoyed a resurgence in popularity and, in many cases, instruments that were on the brink of obscurity have become extremely popular. In Brittany, the Great Highland bagpipe and concept of the pipe band were appropriated to create a Breton interpretation, the bagad. The pipe band idiom has also been adopted and applied to the Galician gaita as well. Additionally, bagpipes have often been used in various films depicting moments from Scottish and Irish history; the film Braveheart and the theatrical show Riverdance have served to make the uilleann pipes more commonly known.
Bagpipes are sometimes played at formal events in Commonwealth universities, particularly in Canada. Because of the Scottish influences on the sport of curling, bagpipes are also the official instrument of the World Curling Federation and are commonly played during a ceremonial procession of teams before major curling championships.
Bagpipe making was once a craft that produced instruments in many distinctive local traditional styles. Today, the world's biggest producer of the instrument is Pakistan, where the industry was worth $6.8 million in 2010. In the late 20th century, various models of electronic bagpipes were invented. The first custom-built MIDI bagpipes were developed by the Asturian piper known as Hevia (José Ángel Hevia Velasco).
Modern usage
Types of bagpipes
Dozens of types of bagpipes today are widely spread across Europe and the Middle East, as well as through much of the former British Empire. The name bagpipe has almost become synonymous with its best-known form, the Great Highland bagpipe, overshadowing the great number and variety of traditional forms of bagpipe. Despite the decline of these other types of pipes over the last few centuries, in recent years many of these pipes have seen a resurgence or revival as musicians have sought them out; for example, the Irish piping tradition, which by the mid 20th century had declined to a handful of master players is today alive, well, and flourishing a situation similar to that of the Asturian gaita, the Galician gaita, the Portuguese gaita transmontana, the Aragonese gaita de boto, Northumbrian smallpipes, the Breton biniou, the Balkan gaida, the Romanian cimpoi, the Black Sea tulum, the Scottish smallpipes and pastoral pipes, as well as other varieties.
Traditionally, one of the purposes of the bagpipe was to provide music for dancing. This has declined with the growth of dance bands, recordings, and the decline of traditional dance. In turn, this has led to many types of pipes developing a performance-led tradition, and indeed much modern music based on the dance music tradition played on bagpipes is no longer suitable for use as dance music.
Usage in non-traditional music
Since the 1960s, bagpipes have also made appearances in other forms of music, including rock, metal, jazz, hip-hop, punk, and classical music, for example with Paul McCartney's "Mull of Kintyre", AC/DC's "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)", and Peter Maxwell Davies's composition An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise.
List of Bagpipes
Northern Europe
Ireland
- Uilleann pipes: Also known as Union pipes and Irish pipes, depending on era. Bellows-blown bagpipe with keyed or un-keyed 2-octave chanter, 3 drones and 3 regulators. The most common type of bagpipes in Irish traditional music.
- Great Irish Warpipes: Carried by most Irish regiments of the British Army (except the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers) until the late 1960s, when the Great Highland Bagpipe became standard. The Warpipe differed from the latter only in having a single tenor drone.
- Brian Boru bagpipes: Carried by the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers and had three drones, one of which was a baritone, pitched between bass and tenor. Unlike the chanter of the Great Highland Bagpipe, its chanter is keyed, allowing for a greater tonal range.
- Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it developed into the modern uilleann bagpipe.
Scotland
- Great Highland Bagpipe: This is perhaps the world's best-known bagpipe. It is native to Scotland. It has acquired widespread recognition through its usage in the British military and in pipe bands throughout the world. The bagpipe is first attested in Scotland around 1400, having previously appeared in European artwork in Spain in the 13th century. The earliest references to bagpipes in Scotland are in a military context, and it is in that context that the Great Highland bagpipe became established in the British military and achieved the widespread prominence it enjoys today. In the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815, during the counter-attack on the corps of the French imperial marshal Davout there had been first performed on Scottish bagpipes the patriotic march of the 52nd Infantry Brigade of the Scottish Rifles "Scotland The Brave" (Scottish Gaelic: "Alba an Aigh"), which later became an unofficial anthem of Scotland.
- Border pipes: also called the "Lowland Bagpipe/Reel Pipes", commonly confused with smallpipes, but louder. Played in the Lowlands of Scotland it is conically bored, made mostly from African blackwood like Highland pipes. Some makers have developed fully chromatic chanters.
- Scottish smallpipes: a modern re-interpretation of an extinct instrument.
- Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it developed into the modern uilleann bagpipe.
England and Wales
- Northumbrian smallpipes: a bellows-blown smallpipe with a closed end chanter played in staccato.
- Border pipes: also called the "Lowland Bagpipe/Reel Pipes", commonly confused with smallpipes, but louder. Played in the Lowlands of Scotland it is conically bored, made mostly from African blackwood like Highland pipes. Some makers have developed fully chromatic chanters.
- Cornish bagpipes: an extinct type of double chanter bagpipe from Cornwall (southwest England); there are now attempts being made to revive it on the basis of literary descriptions and iconographic representations.
- Welsh pipes (Welsh: pibe cyrn, pibgod): Of two types, one a descendant of the pibgorn, the other loosely based on the Breton Veuze. Both are mouthblown with one bass drone.
- Pastoral pipes: Although the exact origin of this keyed, or un-keyed chanter and keyed drones (regulators), pipe is uncertain, it was developed into the modern Uilleann bagpipe.
- English bagpipes: with the exception of the Northumbrian smallpipes, no English bagpipes maintained an unbroken tradition. However, various English bagpipes have been reconstructed by Jonathan Swayne and Julian Goodacre. Swayne calls his "English Border Pipes," and they have in common with the Border or Lowland pipes above 2-4 drones in a single stock, but the design of the chanter (melody pipe) is closer to the French cornemuse du centre and uses the same "half-closed" fingering system.
- Yorkshire bagpipes, known in Shakespeare's time, but now extinct
- Lincolnshire bagpipes, a one-drone pipe extinct by 1850, with one reproduction made in the modern era
- Lancashire bagpipes, widely mentioned in early-Modern literature and travel accounts
- Zetland pipes: a reconstruction of pipes believed to have been brought to the Shetland Islands by the Vikings, though not clearly historically attested.
Finland
- Säkkipilli: The Finnish bagpipes died out but have been revived since the late 20th century by musicians such as Petri Prauda.
- Pilai: a Finnish bagpipe, described in 18th century texts as similar to the Ukrainian volynka.
Estonia
Latvia
- Dūdas: Latvian bagpipe, with single reed chanter and one drone.
Lithuania
- Dudmaisis, or murenka, kūlinė, Labanoro dūda. A bagpipe native to Lithuania, with single reed chanter and one drone.
Sweden
- Säckpipa: Also the Swedish word for "bagpipe" in general; the surviving säckpipa of the Dalarna region was on the brink of extinction in the first half of the 20th century. It has a cylindrical bore and a single reed, as well as a single drone at the same pitch as the bottom note of the chanter.
- Walpipe, a type of bagpipe known to have been used alongside the säckpipa in Lapland during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Southern Europe
Spain and Portugal
Gaita is a generic term for "bagpipe" in Castilian (Spanish), Portuguese, Basque, Asturian-Leonese, Galician, Catalan and Aragonese, for distinct bagpipes used across the northern regions of Spain and Portugal and in the Balearic Islands. In the south of Spain and Portugal, the term is applied to a number of other woodwind instruments. Just like the term "Northumbrian smallpipes" or "Great Highland bagpipes", each region attributes its toponym to the respective gaita name. Most of them have a conical chanter with a partial second octave, obtained by overblowing. Folk groups playing these instruments have become popular in recent years, and pipe bands have been formed in some traditions.
- Gaita alistana: played in Aliste, Zamora, north-western Spain.
- Gaita asturiana: native to Asturias, north-western Spain. Very similar to the gaita galega but of heavier construction with an increased capability for octave jumps and chromatic notes.
- Gaita de boto: native to Aragon, distinctive for its tenor drone running parallel to the chanter.
- Gaita cabreiresa (or gaita llionesa): an extinct but revived pipe native to León.
- Galician gaita: traditional bagpipe used in Galicia, north-west Spain and the Minho river valley, northern Portugal. Galicia is the principal Iberian region with a bagpipe folklore. There are a lot of famous galician bagpipers, for example, Carlos Núñez
- Gaita de saco: native to Soria, La Rioja, Álava, and Burgos in northwestern-central Spain. Possibly the same as the lost gaita de fuelle of Old Castile.
- Gaita sanabresa: played in Puebla de Sanabria, in the Zamora province of north-western Spain.
- Gaita-de-foles mirandesa: native to the Miranda do Douro, Vimioso, Mogadouro and Braganza in Tras-os-Montes region, northern Portugal.
- Gaita-de-fole Coimbrã: native to Coimbra in Beira Litoral region, center Portugal.
- Odrecillo: a small medieval bagpipe, with or without drones.
- Sac de gemecs: used in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain).
- Xeremia: played in the island of Majorca, often accompanying the flabiol and drum.
Italy
- Zampogna (also called ciaramella, ciaramedda, or surdullina depending on style and or region): A generic name for an Italian bagpipe, with different scale arrangements for doubled chanters (for different regions of Italy), and from zero to three drones (the drones usually sound a fifth, in relation to the chanter keynote, though in some cases a drone plays the tonic).
- Piva: used in northern Italy (Bergamo, Emilia), Veneto and bordering regions of Switzerland such as Ticino. A single chantered, single drone instrument, with double reeds, often played in accompaniment to a shawm, or piffero.
- Müsa: played in Pavia, Alessandria, Genova and Piacenza.
- Baghèt: similar to the piva, played in the region of Bergamo, Brescia and, probably, Veneto.
- Surdelina: a double-chantered, bellows-blown pipe from Naples, with keys on both chanters and drones
Malta
- Żaqq (with definite article: iż-żaqq): The most common form of Maltese bagpipes. A double-chantered, single-reed, droneless hornpipe.
- Il-Qrajna: a smaller Maltese bagpipe
Greece
The ancient name of bagpipes in Greece is Askavlos, literary meaning bagpipe (Askos Ασκός is the bag, Avlos Αυλός is the pipe)
- Askomandoura (Greek: ασκομαντούρα): a double-chantered bagpipe used in Crete
- Tsampouna (Greek: τσαμπούνα): Greek Islands bagpipe with a double chanter. One chanter with five holes the second with 1,3 or 5 depending on the island. The tsambouna has no drone as the second chanter replaces the drone.
- Gaida (Greek: γκάιντα): a single-chantered bagpipe with a long separate drone, played in many parts of Mainland Greece. The main center is Thrace, especially around the town of Didymoteicho in the Northern Evros area. In the area of Drama (villages of Kali Vrisi and Volakas) a higher pitched gaida is played. Around Pieria and Olympus mountain (Rizomata and Elatochori) an other type of gaida is played. Each of these regions have their distinct sound, tunes and songs.
- Dankiyo or Tulum: traditional double-chantered bagpipes played by Pontic Greeks
All bags for these types a bagpipes are made usually from the entire skin of a goat or sheep. The use of donkeyskin has also been reported in the past..
Central and Eastern Europe
- Dudy (also known by the German name Bock): Czech bellows-blown bagpipe with a long, crooked drone and chanter (usually with wooden billy-goat head) that curves up at the end.
- Dudy or kozoł (Lower Sorbian kózoł) are large types of bagpipes (in E flat) played among the (originally) Slavic-speaking Sorbs of Eastern Germany, near the borders with both Poland and the Czech Republic; smaller Sorbian types are called dudki or měchawa (in F). Yet smaller is the měchawka (in A, Am) known in German as Dreibrümmchen. The dudy/kozoł has a bent drone pipe that is hung across the player's shoulder, and the chanter tends to be curved as well.
- Cimpoi is the name for the Romanian bagpipes. Two main categories of bagpipes were used in Romania: with a double chanter and with a single chanter. Both have a single drone and straight bore chanter and is less strident than its Balkan relatives.
- Magyar duda or Hungarian duda (also known as tömlősíp, bőrduda and Croatian duda) has a double chanter (two parallel bores in a single stick of wood, Croatian versions have three or four) with single reeds and a bass drone. It is typical of a large group of pipes played in the Carpathian Basin.
Poland
- Dudy is the generic term for Polish bagpipes, though since the 19th century they are usually referred to as kobza due to the confusion with koza and the relative obscurity of kobza proper in Poland. They are used in folk music of Podhale (koza), Żywiec Beskids and Cieszyn Silesia (dudy and gajdy), and mostly in Greater Poland, where there are four types of bagpipes:
- Dudy wielkopolskie, "Greater Polish bagpipes", with two subtypes: Rawicz-Gostyń and Kościan-Buk;
- Kozioł biały (weselny), "white (wedding) buck (used during wesele, the lay part of the wedding)";
- Kozioł czarny ((do)ślubny), "black (wedding) buck (used during ślub, the religious part of the wedding)";
- Sierszeńki, "hornets", a bladder pipe used as a goose (practice pipes).
The Balkans
- Kaba gaida: Kaba Gaida – low pitched single-drone bagpipe from the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria
- Gaida: Southern Balkan (e.g. Bulgarian, Greek and Albanian) bagpipe with one drone and one chanter. Also found in Macedonia and Serbia.
- Istarski mih (Piva d'Istria): a double chantered, droneless Croatian bagpipe whose side by side chanters are cut from a single rectangular piece of wood. They are typically single reed instruments, using the Istrian scale.
- Gajdy or gajde: the name for various bagpipes of Eastern Europe, found in Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, and Croatia.
- Duda, used in some parts of Croatia
- Cimpoi, used in Romania, consisting of a chanter and single drone
Belarus
Russia
Finno-Ugric Russia
Turkic Russia
Ukraine
Western Europe
France
- Musette de cour: A French open ended smallpipe, believed by some to be an ancestor of the Northumbrian smallpipes, used for classical compositions in 'folk' style in the 18th Century French court. The shuttle design for the drones was recently revived and added to a mouth blown Scottish smallpipe.
- Biniou (or biniou kozh "old style bagpipe"): a mouth blown bagpipe from Brittany, a Celtic region of northwestern France. It is the most famous bagpipe of France. The great Highland bagpipe is also used in marching bands called bagadoù and known as biniou braz ("great bagpipe").
- Veuze, found in Western France around Nantes and into the Breton marshes.
- Cabrette: bellows-blown, played in the Auvergne region of central France.
- Chabrette (or chabretta): found in the Limousin region of central France.
- Bodega (or craba): found in Languedoc region of southern France, made of an entire goat skin.
- Boha: found in the regions of Gascony and Landes in southwestern France, notable for having no separate drone, but a drone and chanter bored into a single piece of wood.
- Musette bressane: found in the Bresse region of eastern France
- Cornemuse du Centre (or musette du Centre) (bagpipes of Central France) are of many different types, some mouth blown. They can be found in the Bourbonnais, Berry, Nivernais, and Morvan regions of France and in different tonalities.
- Chabrette poitevine: found in the Poitou region of west-central France, but now extremely rare.
- Caramusa: a small bagpipe with a single parallel drone, native to Corsica
- Musette bechonnet, named from its creator, Joseph Bechonnet (1820-1900 AD) of Effiat.
- Bousine, a small droneless bagpipe played in Normandy. (fr:Bousine)
- Loure, a Norman bagpipe which gives its name to the French Baroque dance loure.
- Pipasso, a bagpipe native to Picardy in northern France
- Sourdeline, an extinct bellows-blown pipe, likely of Italian origin
- Samponha, a double-chantered pipe played in the Pyrenees
- Vèze (or vessie, veuze à Poitiers), played in Poitou
Germany
- Dudelsack: German bagpipe with two drones and one chanter. Also called Schäferpfeife (shepherd pipe) or Sackpfeife. The drones are sometimes fit into one stock and do not lie on the player's shoulder but are tied to the front of the bag. (see: de:Schäferpfeife)
- Marktsackpfeife: a bagpipe reconstructed from medieval depictions
- Huemmelchen: small bagpipe with the look of a small medieval pipe or a Dudelsack.
- Dudy or kozoł (Lower Sorbian kózoł) are large types of bagpipes (in E flat) played among the (originally) Slavic-speaking Sorbs of Eastern Germany, near the borders with both Poland and the Czech Republic; smaller Sorbian types are called dudki or měchawa (in F). Yet smaller is the měchawka (in A, Am) known in German as Dreibrümmchen. The dudy/kozoł has a bent drone pipe that is hung across the player's shoulder, and the chanter tends to be curved as well.
The Low Countries
Switzerland
- Schweizer Sackpfeife (Swiss bagpipe): In Switzerland, the Sackpfiffe was a common instrument in the folk music from the Middle Ages to the early 18th century, documented by iconography and in written sources. It had one or two drones and one chanter with double reeds.
Austria
- Bock (literally, male goat): a bellows-blown pipe with large bells at the end of the single drone and chanter
Southwest Asia
Turkey
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
- Gudastviri (Georgian: გუდასტვირი): A double-chantered horn-tipped bagpipe played in Georgia. Also called a chiboni or stviri.
- Zunnifis, a Georgian bagpipe
Iran
Arab states of the Persian Gulf
- Habbān (هبان): a generic term covering several types of bagpipes, including traditional Bedouin bagpipes in Kuwait, and a modern version of the Great Highland Bagpipes played in Oman.
- Jirba (جربة): a type of double-chantered droneless bagpipe, primarily played by the ethnic Iranian minority of Bahrain.
- Demam, a Gulf bagpipe
North Africa
Egypt
Libya
- Zukra (Arabic: زكرة): famous in Libya bagpipe with a double-chanter terminating in two cow horns.
Tunisia
- Mizwad (Arabic: مِزْود; plural مَزاود mazāwid): Tunisian bagpipe with a double-chanter terminating in two cow horns.
Algeria
South Asia
India
- Mashak, a bagpipe of Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The term is also used for the Highland pipes which have displaced the traditional bagpipe over time, such as the mushak baja (Garhwali : मूषक बाजा): in Garhwal region. or masak-been (Kumaoni : मसकबीन): of the Kumaon Division.
- Titti (bagpipe), a Telugu bagpipe of Andhra Pradesh
- Sruti upanga, a bagpipe of Tamil Nadu primarily used for drone accompaniment
Non-traditional bagpipes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
[en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipes,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bagpipes].
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Date: February 2019.
Photo Credits:
(1)-(4) William Kennedy Piping Festival,
(5) Paddy Keenan,
(6) 'King of the Pipers',
(7) John McSherry,
(8) 'Song of the Chanter',
(9) Finlay MacDonald,
(10) Tiarnán O Duinnchinn,
(11) Angus MacKenzie,
(12) Jarlath Henderson,
(13) Mick O'Brien,
(14) Brian MacNamara,
(15) Cillian Vallely,
(16) Ross Ainslie,
(17) Síle Friel,
(18) Anna Murray,
(19) Angus MacDonald,
(20) Olle Gällmo,
(21) Edelmiro Fernández,
(22) José Manuel Tejedor,
(23) Anxo Lorenzo,
(24) Georgi Makris,
(25) Ivan Georgiev,
(26) Patrick Molard,
(27) Loïc & Ronan Bléjean,
(28) Duo Lagrange Rutkowski,
(29) Griff Trio,
(30) Saeid Shanbehzadeh,
(unknown/website);
(18) Anna Murray
(by The Mollis).
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